Equally for many this space race increases our environmental and climate risks. Each space flight needs multiple propellant to make it out of Earth’s atmosphere. Propellants emit greenhouse gases and soot which trap heat in the atmosphere, contributing to global warming. Cooling of the atmosphere can also occur, as clouds formed from the emitted water vapour reflect incoming sunlight back to space. A depleted ozone layer would also absorb less incoming sunlight, and so heat the stratosphere less.

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It is difficult for most Kiwis to think about the world before the covid pandemic but the nation's digital future is no longer a conversation about what the future may hold, because it is happening now – thanks to covid, NZTech chair Mitchell Pham says in their annual report.

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